75
разворота в вираже; проектировать самолеты с максимальной степенью
комфорта для пассажиров.
2. Выпишите из текста соответствующие термины и заполните табл. 3.
Термины переведите.
Таблица 3
Primary Flight Controls
Purpose
13.3. TEXT
PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
While comfortably seated on a jet airliner flying many miles above the ground,
at speeds close to the speed of sound, one may wonder just how the pilot is able to
keep the aircraft so smoothly under control. This article will explain how flight
controls allow this 20-ton aircraft to be maneuvered so gently and precisely.
Unlike an automobile or boat, an aircraft can rotate about three axes. To turn,
an aircraft must bank; while raising one wing and lowering the other, the aircraft
rotates or "rolls" about its longitudinal axis. An aircraft rotates about its vertical or
"yaw" axis to change direction or "heading." When climbing and descending, the
nose must be pitched up or down about the lateral axis.
To rotate about the longitudinal axis a combination of ailerons and spoilers are
used. The low speed ailerons are located on the aft or "trailing edge" of the wing tip.
These operate in opposing directions, that is, as the right aileron extends upward, the
left aileron extends downward. Additional ailerons are located about halfway to the
wing tip. These high speed ailerons are used to make slower, more gentle changes in
bank while at cruising speeds.
Centrally located on the wings are the spoilers. These deploy upward to make
small changes in bank by eliminating or "spoiling" lift. Spoilers can be used
simultaneously on both wings to significantly reduce lift. By using spoilers, the pilot
can make a descent without having to lower the nose. Keeping the pitch attitude level
with the horizon is more comfortable for passengers and makes cabin service easier.
Upon touchdown the spoilers deploy automatically, creating a firm downward
pressure on the landing gear, which aids in braking effectiveness.
On the tail or "empennage" of the aircraft are two more flight controls. The
horizontal stabilizer and elevator provide the pitch control to establish climbs and
descents. The rudder is located on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer. Unlike a
ship, in which the rudder is used to steer, the rudder on an aircraft is used to
coordinate turns. While an airplane is turned by banking the wings, the rudder is used
to match the rate of turn with the bank. That's why the beverage in your glass on the
tray table does not slosh when the airplane turns. The slip skid indicator on the
instrument panel shows the pilot how much rudder is necessary for perfectly smooth
turns.
